What Are Five Different Texture What Is Relief Art
Gothic Ivory Relief sculpture
of the Passion of Christ (1350-65)
depicting the Washing of the Feet,
and the Last Supper. A masterpiece
of Biblical art of the 14th century.
Walters Art Museum.
Best SCULPTURES
For a list of the world's meridian 100
3-D artworks, by the best sculptors
in the history of art, meet:
Greatest Sculptures E'er.
GUIDE TO PLASTIC ARTS
See: Art of Sculpture.
What is Relief Sculpture? Definition and Meaning
In plastic art, relief sculpture is any piece of work which projects from but which belongs to the wall, or other type of background surface, on which it is carved. Reliefs are traditionally classified co-ordinate to how high the figures project from the background. Also known as relievo, relief sculpture is a combination of the two-dimensional pictorial arts and the three-dimensional sculptural arts. Thus a relief, like a picture, is dependent on a background surface and its composition must be extended in a aeroplane in gild to be visible. Yet at the aforementioned time a relief likewise has a degree of real three-dimensionality, just similar a proper sculpture.
Reliefs tend to be more common than freestanding sculpture for a number of reasons. First, a relief sculpture can portray a far wider range of subjects than a statue because of its economy of resource. For example, a battle scene, that, if sculpted in the round, would crave a huge corporeality of space and textile, tin can be rendered much more easily in relief. Second, because a relief is attached to its background surface, problems of weight and physical balance do non arise - unlike in statues and other freestanding sculptures where weight and residue can exist disquisitional. Third, because reliefs are carved directly onto walls, portals, ceilings, floors and other flat surfaces, they are ideally suited to architectural projects - typically the greatest source of sculptural commissions - for which they can provide both decorative and narrative functions.
BEST SCULPTORS
For a listing of the world's most
talented 3-D artists, see:
Greatest Sculptors.
EVOLUTION OF SCULPTURE
For details of the origins and
development of the plastic arts
see: History of Sculpture.
TYPES OF SCULPTING
Stone Sculpture
Granite, limestone, sandstone.
Marble Sculpture
Pentelic, Carrara, Parian marbles.
Bronze Sculpture
Lost-wax casting/sandcasting.
Wood Etching
Softwoods and hardwoods.
Types of Relief Sculpture
In that location are iii basic types of relief sculpture: (one) low relief (basso-relievo, or bas-relief), where the sculpture projects only slightly from the background surface; (2) high relief (alto-relievo, or alto-relief), where the sculpture projects at least one-half or more of its natural circumference from the groundwork, and may in parts be wholly disengaged from the basis, thus approximating sculpture in the round. [Sculptors may also use center-relief (mezzo-relievo), a fashion which falls roughly betwixt the high and low forms]; (3) sunken relief, (incised, coelanaglyphic or intaglio relief), where the etching is sunk below the level of the surrounding surface and is independent within a sharpely incised contour line that frames it with a powerful line of shadow. The surrounding surface remains untouched, with no projections. Sunken relief carving is plant well-nigh exclusively in ancient Egyptian art, although information technology has also been used in some beautiful small-scale ivory reliefs from Bharat.
In addition to the basic types listed to a higher place, in that location is an extremely subtle type of flat low relief carving, known every bit Statiacciato relief (rilievo schiacciato), that is specially associated with the 15th century sculptor Donatello. This statiacciato design is partly rendered with finely engraved chiselled lines and partly carved in relief. It depends for its consequence on the way in which pale-coloured materials, like white marble, react to lite and prove up the near delicate lines and changes of texture.
Reliefs may exist abstract in mode as well as representational or figurative. Abstract reliefs, both geometric and curvilinear, accept been constitute in many unlike cultures, including those of Ancient Greece, the Celts, Mexico, the Vikings, and Islam. Representational and figurative relief sculpture is strongly associated with the Greeks, the Romans, Romanesque and Gothic compages, and European sculpture from the Renaissance onwards.
History of Relief Sculpture
In simple terms, the development of relief sculpture was marked by swings between pictorial and sculptural potency. For instance in Greek art, reliefs are more than like contracted sculpture than expanded pictures. Figures inhabit a space which is defined by the solid forms of the figures themselves and is limited by the background plane. This groundwork plane is not used to create a receding perspective but rather as a finite impenetrable bulwark in front of which the figures exist. Past comparison, Renaissance relief sculpture makes full employ of perspective, which is a pictorial method of representing iii-D spatial relationships on a 2-D surface, and thus has much in common with art painting.
Prehistoric Relief Sculpture
The earliest reliefs appointment back to the cave art of the Upper Paleolithic, effectually 25,000 BCE. The oldest relief sculptures in French republic are: the Venus of Laussel (23,000 BCE), a limestone bas-relief of a female person figure, found in the Dordogne; the rare Abri du Poisson Cave Salmon Carving (23,000 BCE) at Les Eyzies de Tayac, Perigord; the Solutrean Roc-de-Sers Cavern Frieze (17,200 BCE) in the Charente; the Magdalenian era Cap Blanc Frieze (fifteen,000 BCE); the Tuc d'Audoubert Bison (xiii,500 BCE); and the outstanding limestone frieze at Roc-aux-Sorciers (12,000 BCE) plant in the Vienne. Outside France at that place are the badly preserved clay reliefs in the Kapova Cave in Russia. Other reliefs take been found incised on numerous megaliths from the Neolithic era.
Notation About Sculpture Appreciation
To acquire how to evaluate loftier-relief and depression-relief sculpture, encounter: How to Appreciate Sculpture. For later works, please see: How to Appreciate Modern Sculpture.
Ancient Relief Sculpture
During the civilizations of the Ancient Earth (c.3,500-600 BCE), reliefs were commonly seen on the surfaces of stone buildings in aboriginal Egypt, Assyria and other Middle Eastern cultures. An instance of Mesopotamian sculpture is the gear up of lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon, executed in low relief. See too the alabaster carvings of lion-hunts featuring Ashurnasirpal Two and Ashurbanipal, a typical example of Assyrian art (c.1500-612 BCE). Egyptian sculptors tended to employ sunken relief. Figures are depicted standing sideways and are contained inside a sharply insized outline: come across for instance the many sunken reliefs at the Temple of Karnak in Egypt. Low reliefs were especially common in Chinese sculpture. For a guide to the principles backside Oriental arts, run across: Traditional Chinese Art: Characteristics.
High reliefs did not become common until Classical Antiquity (c.500 BCE onwards), when Ancient Greek sculptors began to explore the genre more than thoroughly. Attic tomb relief sculpture dating from the quaternary century BCE are notable examples, as are the sculptured friezes used in the decoration of the Parthenon and other classical temples. For details of Hellenistic reliefs, like the Chantry of Zeus, see: Pergamene Schoolhouse of Hellenistic Sculpture (241-133 BCE).
Relief sculptures were prominent in early on Christian sculpture - notably in the sarcophagi of wealthy Christians during the second and 3rd centuries CE (see also Relief Sculpture of Ancient Rome). See besides: early Christian art (150 onwards).
During the period 600-1100, abstract reliefs appeared in numerous cultures effectually the world, as disparate equally the Mixtec culture in Mexico, the Norse/Viking culture and Islamic environments across the Middle East.
Medieval Relief Sculpture
In Europe during the period k-1200, Christian art mostly took the form of architecture, notably the building program of cathedrals, abbeys and churches financed by the Christian Church of Rome. Although bronze was a feature of this religious fine art, the primary accent was on relief sculpture, as exemplified by the wonderful reliefs which decorate the portals (tympana) of Romanesque cathedrals in France, Deutschland, England and other countries. (See also Romanesque Sculpture.) The Gothic menses maintained this tradition though Gothic sculptors typically preferred a higher relief, in accordance with the renewed interest in statuary that characterized the fourteenth century. (See also Gothic sculpture.)
Annotation: One of the almost extensive displays of erotic relief sculpture in the earth can be seen at the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple complex at Khajuraho, in Madhya Pradesh, Bharat. The temple was built in the Centre Ages, between 1017 and 1029.
The Renaissance Onwards
The Italian Renaissance (c.1400-1600) brought a noticeable change, as illustrated past the famous statuary doors that Lorenzo Ghiberti fabricated for the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral. In club to exploit the total potential for perspective, figures in the foreground of the composition were done in loftier relief, making them appear close at mitt, while background features were done in low relief, thus depicting distance. In his sculpture, Donatello farther developed this arroyo by calculation textural contrasts between rough and shine surfaces. Thus in general Renaissance relief sculptors tended to brand maximum utilise of the pictorial possibilities of the 2-D groundwork, although in that location were exceptions. 2 such trends were: the delicate and low reliefs in marble and terracotta of Desiderio da Settignano, and the more than robust and sculptural relief way employed by Michelangelo. (For more than data, see Renaissance sculptors.)
The first Fontainebleau Schoolhouse (c.1530-70), a fashion of French Mannerist art named subsequently the royal palace of the French King Francis I (1494-1547), was famous for its intricate relief sculpture in stucco, in which the stucco was cut into strips, rolled at the ends then intertwined to course fantastic shapes. Fundamental artists at Fontainebleau included Francesco Primaticcio (1504-70) and Rosso Fiorentino (1494-1540).
Baroque relief sculptors farther adult the pictorial arroyo used in Renaissance art, ofttimes on a very large calibration. Sometimes their large relief compositions really became a kind of painting in marble, equally exemplified by Ecstasy of Saint Teresa by Bernini, which included figures carved nearly fully in the round but encased in a marble altar. (Run across as well Bizarre sculptors and Neoclassical sculptors.) A few exponents of Neoclassical sculpture, similar Antonio Canova and Bertel Thorvaldsen, temporarily revived the utilise of depression reliefs in pursuit of what they saw equally classical rigour and purity, but on the whole the Renaissance concept of "pictorial-style" relief prevailed, reaching a high point in the work of nineteenth century sculptors such every bit Francois Rude (Arc de Triomph) and Auguste Rodin (Gates of Hell).
The greatest and most famous relief sculpture of the 20th century is the Mount Rushmore National Memorial (1927-41), produced under Gutzon Borglum. This unique work features high relief granite portraits of American Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt. (See also 20th Century sculptors.)
Famous Relief Sculptures
These include:
• Venus of Laussel (c.23,000 BCE) Dordogne (low relief)
• Salmon of the Abri du Poisson Cave (c.23,000 BCE) Dordogne (low relief)
• Tuc d'Audoubert Bison (c.13,500 BCE) Ariege, France (low relief)
• Gobekli Tepe Animal reliefs and other megalithic art (c.9000 BCE)
• Parthenon Reliefs (c.446-430 BCE), Acropolis Museum (high relief)
• Temple of Apollo Epikourios, East Frieze (c.420 BCE) (high relief)
• Mausoleum of Harlicarnassus, Amazon Frieze (c.350 BCE) (loftier relief)
• Pergamon Altar of Zeus (c.180 BCE) Pergamon Museum Berlin (high relief)
• Ara Pacis Augustae (c.ten BCE) (Tellus Relief Panel) (loftier relief)
• Trajan's Column, Rome (106-113 CE) (spiral/helical relief)
• Arch of Constantine, Rome (315 CE) (loftier relief)
• The Last Judgment, Saint-Lazare Cathedral (1145) Gislebertus (high relief)
• Angkor Wat Khmer Temple, Cambodia (c.1150) (low relief)
• Banquet of Herod Baptismal Font (1425) Donatello (loftier relief)
• Ecstasy of St Teresa, Cornaro Chapel (1652) Bernini (high relief)
• St Cecilia (1600) Stefano Maderno, Rome (high relief)
• St Veronica (1639) St Peter's Basilica, by Francesco Mochi (high relief)
• La Marseillaise (1836) by Francois Rude, Nice (high relief)
• Gates of Hell (1880-1917) by Auguste Rodin: Rodin Museum Philadelphia
• Mount Rushmore National Memorial (1927-41) South Dakota (loftier relief)
• Confederacy Monument Stone Mountain (1958-70) WK Hancock (high relief)
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